Tenormin grapes 5
August 23, 2010
(Tenormin) is a selective ?1 receptor antagonist jordan 5 grape, a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers (sometimes written coach outlet online?-blockers), a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. Tenormin was introduced in 1976,tenormin,an atenolol was developed as a replacement for propranolol in the treatment of hypertension.
Normal
0
EN-US
MicrosoftInternetExplorer4
st1\:*behavior:url(#ieooui)
(Tenormin) is a selective ²1 receptor antagonist, a drug
belonging to the group of beta blockers (sometimes written ²-blockers) nike air max 2013, a class
of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. Tenormin was introduced in
1976,tenormin www.nikefreerunstar.com/nikefreerunstar.com,an atenolol was developed as a replacement for propranolol in the
treatment of hypertension. The tenormin works by slowing down the heart and
reducing its workload. Unlike propranolol, tenormin does not pass through the
blood-brain barrier thus avoiding various central nervous system side effects Cheap Foamposites.
tenormin is one of the most widely used ²-blockers in the United Kingdom
and was once the first-line treatment for hypertension. The role for ²-blockers
in hypertension was downgraded in June 2006 in the United Kingdom to fourth-line pre order grape 5s, as
they perform less appropriately or effectively than newer drugs, particularly
in the elderly. Some evidence suggests that even in normal doses the most
frequently used ²-blockers carry an unacceptable risk of provoking type 2
diabetes www.grape5susa.com/grape5susa.com.
Contents
1 Indications
1.1 Cardioselectivity and asthma
2 Pharmacokinetic data
3 Contraindications
4 Side effects
5 Interactions
6 Dosage
7 Combination treatment of hypertension
8 Overdosage
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Indications of tenormin
Tenormin can be used to treat cardiovascular diseases and
conditions such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, angina
(chest pain) and to treat and reduce the risk of heart complications following
myocardial infarction (heart attack). It is also used to treat the symptoms of
Graves Disease, until antithyroid medication can take effect.
Due to its hydrophilic properties, the tenormin is less
suitable in migraine prophylaxis compared to propranolol, because cheap nike shoes, for this
indication, atenolol would have to reach the brain in high concentrations www.jordangrape5online.org/jordangrape5online.org,
which is not the case
Cardioselectivity and asthma
tenormin is classified as a ²1-selective (or
‘cardioselective’) drug, one that exerts greater blocking activity on
myocardial ²1-receptors than on ²2 receptors in the lung. The ²2 receptors are
responsible for keeping the bronchial system open. If these receptors are
blocked, bronchospasm with serious lack of oxygen in the body can result.
However, due to its cardioselective properties, the risk of bronchospastic
reactions if using tenormin is reduced compared to nonselective drugs as
propranolol. Nonetheless, this reaction may also be encountered with tenormin
at high doses. Although traditionally B-blockers have been contraindicated when
a person carries a diagnosis of asthma, recent studies have revealed that at
moderate doses selective B blockers such as tenormin are well tolerated.
Provisional data suggests that antihypertensive therapy with
atenolol provides weaker protective action against cardiovascular complications
(e.g. myocardial infarction and stroke) compared to other antihypertensive
drugs. In some cases, diuretics are superior. However, controlled studies are
lacking.
Unlike most other commonly-used ²-blockers, atenolol is
excreted almost exclusively by the kidneys. This makes it attractive for use in
individuals with end-stage liver disease.
Pharmacokinetic data
tcmax = 2 to 4 hours after oral dosing (time elapsed before
maximal concentration in the blood plasma is reached)
The mean elimination halflife is 6 hours. However, the
action of the usual oral dose of 25 to 100 mg lasts over a period of 24 hours.
Atenolol is a hydrophilic drug. The concentration found in
brain tissue is approximately 15% of the plasma concentration only. The drug
crosses the placenta barrier freely. In the milk of breastfeeding mothers,
approximately 3 times the plasma concentrations are measured.
Atenolol is almost exclusively eliminated renally and is
well removable by dialysis. A compromised liver function does not lead to
higher peak-activity and/or a longer halflife with possible accumulation Nike Lebron Shoes.
Contraindications
bradycardia (pulse less than 50 bpm)
cardiogenic shock
asthma (may cause broncho-constriction), although unlikely
as atenolol is cardioselective
symptomatic hypotension (blood pressure of less than 100/60
mm Hg with dizziness, vertigo etc Nike Foamposites.)
angina of the Prinzmetal type (vasospastic angina)
metabolic acidosis (a severe condition with a more acid
blood than normal)
severe disorders in peripheral arterial circulation
AV-Blockage of second and third degree (a particular form of
arrhythmia)
acutely decompensated congestive heart failure (symptoms may
be fluid retention with peripheral edema and/or abdominal fluid retention
(ascites), and/or lung edema)
sick sinus syndrome (a particular form of arrhythmia)
hypersensitivity and/or allergy to atenolol
phaeochromocytoma (a rare type of tumor of the adrenal
glands)
Caution: patients with preexisting bronchial asthma
Caution: only if clearly needed during pregnancy, as
atenolol may retard fetal growth and possibly cause other abnormalities retro 5 grapes.
Side effects
tenormin causes significantly fewer central nervous system
side effects (depressions bugs bunny 8s, nightmares) and fewer bronchospastic reactions, both
due to its particular pharmacologic profile grape 5s 2013.
It was the main ²-blocker identified as carrying a higher
risk of provoking type 2 diabetes, leading to its downgrading in the United Kingdom
in June 2006 to fourth-line agent in the management of hypertension www.grape5sonsale2013.com/grape5sonsale2013.com.
In addition, ²-blockers blunt the usual sympathetic nervous
system response to hypoglycemia (i.e. sweating, agitation, tachycardia). These
drugs therefore have an ability to mask a dangerously low blood sugar, which
further decreases their safety and utility in diabetic patients.
Side effects include:
indigestion, constipation
dry mouth
dizziness or faintness (especially cases of orthostatic
hypotension)
cold extremities
hair loss
problems with sexual function
runny/blocked nose
depression
confusion
difficulty sleeping, nightmares
fatigue, weakness or lack of energy
These side effects may or may not be experienced, but if
they are, you should notify your doctor.
More serious side effects can include:
hallucinations
low blood pressure (hypotension)
skin reactions, e.g. rash, hives, flaking of skin, worsening
of psoriasis
sensation of ‘pins and needles’ hands or feet
irritated eyes, visual disturbances
difficulty hearing
difficulty speaking
unsteadiness when walking
Serious side effects may require urgent medical attention.
Some of these side effects are rare and others (not mentioned in the above
list) can occur in some people Grape 5s.
Dosage of tenormin
In patients with normal renal function, the daily dose is 25
to 50 mg for the management of hypertension depending on the indication and
severity of the disease. In most patients grape 5s, the physician will start with a low
initial dose and make increments in weekly intervals as tolerated. Dosage can
vary from as little as 25 mg to 200mg a day. In cases of doses over 100mg, the
dosage is usually divided and taken twice daily.
For the management of angina, 100mg daily may be given.
In patients with impaired renal function the daily dose
should be reduced according to the clinical response of the individual patient.
If a patient with end-stage renal failure is scheduled on regular dialysis,
usually 50 mg are given after each dialysis procedure. In these patients, a severe
hypotension may occur afterwards.
Combination treatment of hypertension
If atenolol alone fails to control arterial hypertension,
the drug can be combined with a diuretic (e.g. with chlortalidone in
co-tenidone) and/or a vasodilator (hydralazine, or in severe cases minoxidil).
Central alpha-agonists (e.g. clonidine), ACE Inhibitors or Angiotensin II
receptor antagonists such as losartan can also be given additionally. Exert
caution with calcium-antagonists of the verapamil-type as adjunct therapy because
of additional negative impact on the muscular strength of the heart. Use of
calcium-antagonists of the nifedipine-type is controversial..
Overdosage
Symptoms of overdose are due to excessive pharmacodynamic
actions on ²1 and also ²2-receptors. These include bradycardia, severe
hypotension with shock, acute heart failure, hypoglycemia and bronchospastic
reactions. Treatment is largely symptomatic. Hospitalization and intensive
monitoring is indicated. In early cases emesis can be induced. Activated
charcoal is useful to absorb the drug. Atropine will counteract bradycardia,
glucagon helps with hypoglycemia, dobutamine can be given against hypotension
and the inhalation of a ²2-mimetic as hexoprenalin or salbutamol will terminate
bronchospasms. Blood or plasma atenolol concentrations may be measured to
confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to assist in a
medicolegal death investigation. Plasma levels are usually less than 3 mg/L
during therapeutic administration, but can range from 3-30 mg/L in overdose
victims.
Buy online Tenormin
at http://www.meds-hut.com/generic/blood-pressure/Tenormin.shtml
Related articles:
Breast Implant Recovery – Don’t Panic!
Do You Believe the Panic Away Scam
Is A Brow Lift Really Necessary-